美国疾病控制预防中心报告：原发性癌症发病率1979至1988的9年期间中等程度增长14.5%，但是在1988至2004的6年期间急剧增长了90%。美国肝细胞癌发病率显著增加，从2001年2.7例/100,000人增加到2006年3.2例/100,000人。肝细胞癌发病率最高年龄组为50-59岁年龄组（平均每年增长变化率9.1%）。美国CDC认为：“所有肝癌病例超过四分之三被认为由乙型或丙型肝炎造成；其他的病因被认为与饮用酒精过度与肝的遗传疾病有关。” 2000年中国肝癌发病30.6万．死亡30.0万，分别占全世界的54.26％和54.64％； 2010年，中国内地新发肝癌41.8万例 死亡38万例”。中国抗癌协会理事长、天津医科大学校长郝希山揭示，分析癌症发病率上升时，必须认清“肿瘤总体发病率上升主要归结于人口老龄化”的情况，进行“去除年龄变化影响之后”的比较。广西专家认为：“生活环境是造成癌症患者增多的主要原因，同时防癌知识的不普及、群众防癌意识的淡薄也是导致癌症发病率上升的一个重要因素。”
USA CDC reports: Incidence of primary liver cancer rose modestly 14.5% during the 9 years between 1979-1988, but rapidly increased 90% during the 6 years between 1988–2004)。 The incidence rate increased significantly from 2.7 per 100,000 persons in 2001 to 3.2 per 100,000 persons in 2006. The greatest increase in incidence, however, was in the 50-59 year age group (APC 9.1). “More than three-quarters of all liver cancer cases are thought to be attributable to hepatitis B or C; other causes include heavy alcohol consumption and genetic diseases of the liver.” China: In 2000, there was 306,000 liver cancer patients, and 306,000 mortalities from liver cancer, accounted for 54.26% of world liver cancer patients, and 54.64% of all mortalities caused by liver cancer over the world; In 2010, the Chinese mainland new cases of liver cancer was 418,000, and 380,000 patients died. Prof. Hao Xi-shan, Director of the China Cancer Fighting Association, President of Tianjin Medical University, reveals, when analyzing increase of cancer incidents, must recognize “incidence increase mainly attributable to the ageing of the population”, and carry out comparison after “age change effects is removed”. Guangxi specialists consider, “living environment is the main reason causing incidence increase, at the same time, cancer prevention knowledge not popular, cancer prevention recognizant dim is also an important reason causing incidence increase.”
1988-2004期间美国肝癌发病率增加90%，中国肝癌人数占世界肝癌人数一半
1988-2004 USA incidence of primary liver cancer rapidly rose 90%, China’s liver cancer patients accounts 1/2 of World’s total
-- 禁止抗草甘膦转基因作物原料进口、开发、种植、销售理由之219
《转基因技术与人类安全》研究专家、80年代前全国青联委员
美国情况：
USA situation:
The incidence of primary liver cancer rose modestly between 1979 and 1988 (14.5 percent) and more rapidly subsequently (90 percent over the period 1988–2004) (Figure 1). Liver cancer was one of the most lethal digestive system cancers, although 5-year survival did increase nearly fourfold during this period, albeit to only 8 percent. [1]
1979年至1988年原发性癌症中等程度增长（增长了14.5%），但是在1988年至2004年期间更加急剧增长（增长了90%），（参见图1）。肝癌是消化系统癌症中最为致命癌症，然而该期间5年生存率增加为四倍，尽管如此仅8%。[1]
Medical care visits and hospitalizations for liver cancer were too infrequent in 2004 to make firm statements about them. Hospitalization discharge rates (Table 2) had a demographic pattern similar to incidence rates (Table 1), with the highest rates among patients age 65 years and older, blacks, and males. Hospitalization rates more than doubled from 1984 to 2004 (Figure 2), also in keeping with the increase in incidence. [1]
2004年期间因肝癌的医疗护理访问与住院不多，难于对此提出可靠的声明。住院出院率（表2）具有与发生率类似的人口统计方式（表1），比率最高为65岁以上、黑人、男性。1984年到2004年期间因肝癌住院比率增长了一倍，与发病率增加一致。[1]
SUMMARY: The number of new cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of primary liver cancer, has increased in the U.S. over the past several years, reaching an incidence rate of 3.2 cases per 100,000 persons in 2006, according to the latest figures reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the May 7, 2010 issue of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Blacks and people in the 50-59 year age group had the largest annual percentage increases in HCC. [2]
摘要：美国肝细胞癌（HCC - 原发性肝癌的一种）新患者数量过去一些年在增加。依据美国疾病控制预防中心（CDC）2010年5月7日公布的“发病与死亡周报”的最新数据，美国肝细胞癌发病率2006年达到3.2例/100,000人。在肝细胞癌患者中，50-59岁美国黑人的发病率增加最大。[2]
Over years or decades, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can lead to serious liver disease including cirrhosis and HCC. Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the ninth leading cause in the U.S. [2]
数十年以来，慢性乙型肝炎（HBV）或丙型肝炎（HCV）感染能够导致包括肝硬化与肝细胞癌在内的严重肝疾病。肝癌是世界范围导致死亡第三位病因，在美国是导致死亡第九位病因。[2]
More than three-quarters of all liver cancer cases are thought to be attributable to hepatitis B or C; other causes include heavy alcohol consumption and genetic diseases of the liver. While the incidence of new HBV and HCV infections has declined dramatically, liver cancer rates continue to increase as people infected long ago reach the stage of developing advanced liver disease. [2]
所有肝癌病例超过四分之三被认为由乙型或丙型肝炎造成；其他的病因被认为与饮用酒精过度与肝的遗传疾病有关。新的乙型或丙型肝炎病例数显著下降，但是随着多年前受到感染的患者进入发展进一步肝疾病阶段，肝癌发病率继续上升。[2]
To determine trends in U.S. HCC incidence, CDC researchers analyzed data for 2001-2006 (the most recent available) from CDC's National Program of Cancer Registries and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) system. They compiled reports from 45 cancer registries, covering 90.4% of the U.S. population. Only microscopically confirmed HCC cases were included in the analysis. [2]
为了确认美国肝细胞癌发病率的趋势，CDC的研究者们对《国家癌症研究所监测、流行病学与结果》（Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results - SEER）系统2001-2006年期间数据进行了分析。他们归纳了涵盖美国人口90.4%的45个癌症注册数的报告。只有经过显微镜确诊的肝细胞癌包括在分析中。
Results [2]
结果 [2]
-- A total of 48,596 new HCC cases were reported during 2001-2006.
2001-2006年期间，报告了48,596新的肝细胞癌。
-- The average annual HCC incidence rate during 2001-2006 was 3.0 per 100,000 persons.
2001-2006年期间，肝细胞癌平均发病率为3例/100,000人。
-- The incidence rate increased significantly over the study period, from 2.7 per 100,000 persons in 2001 to 3.2 per 100,000 persons in 2006.
肝细胞癌发病率显著增加，从2001年2.7例/100,000人增加到2006年3.2例/100,000人。
-- The average annual percentage change (APC) in the HCC incidence rate was 3.5%.
-- 肝细胞癌发病率平均每年变化率为3.5%。
-- Men had about 3 times higher risk of developing HCC than women (5.0 vs 1.3 per 100,000 persons), a disparity recently linked to androgen receptors.
男人肝细胞癌发病率为女人大约3倍（5.0:1.3/100,000），这种差距最近被认为雄激素受体有关联。
-- The greatest increase in incidence, however, was in the 50-59 year age group (APC 9.1).
肝细胞癌发病率最高年龄组为50-59岁年龄组（平均每年变化率9.1%）。
In an editorial note, the authors explained that HCC rates were highest among people born during 1946-1964, particularly so among black men. "In the absence of testing and care," they wrote, "the risk for HCC is expected to increase with aging of the cohort of persons with HCV infection."
在编者注中，作者们说明1946-1964年期间出生的人肝细胞癌发病率最高，特别在黑人中。“在缺乏试验与照管情况下”，他们写道，“肝细胞癌的风险预计随着丙型肝炎感染者群体年龄的增长而增加。”
中国情况：
China Situation:
中国每年死于肝癌约11万人，占全世界肝癌死亡人数的45％
China: about 110,000 people die from liver cancer each year, accounting 45% of the total number of deaths caused by liver cancer worldwide
原发性肝癌是我国常见恶性肿瘤之一。死亡率高，在恶性肿瘤死亡顺位中仅次于胃、食道而居第三位，在部份地区的农村中则占第二位，仅次于胃癌。我国每年死于肝癌约11万人，占全世界肝癌死亡人数的45％。[3]
Primary liver cancer in our country is one of the common malignant tumors. Has high mortality rate, ranking No.3 following malignant tumor in the stomach and in the esophagus; but, in the rural areas ranking 2nd place following cancer in the stomach. In China, about 110,000 people die from liver cancer each year, accounting 45% of the total number of deaths caused by liver cancer worldwide. [3]
中国肝癌形势非常严峻，2000年中国肝癌发病30.6万．死亡30.0万，分别占全世界的54.26％和54.64％。[4]
China's liver cancer situation is very grim, in 2000 306,000 patients developed liver cancer, and 306,000 mortalities from liver cancer, which accounted for 54.26% of world liver cancer patients, and 54.64% of all mortalities caused by liver cancer over the world. [4]
2010年，中国内地新发肝癌41.8万例 死亡38万例；其中90%是由于乙型肝炎未得到有效治疗，病情恶化造成；每年约有5%的肝硬化患者转变成肝癌。这是中国工程院院士、中华医学会肝病学会名誉主任委员庄辉教授今天披露的最新数字。[13]
In 2010, the Chinese mainland new cases of liver cancer was 418,000, and 380000 patients died; 90% of them due to ineffectively treatment of worsening hepatitis B; Each year, about 5% of patients with hepatocirrhosis turned into liver cancer. This was confirmed by Prof. Zhuang Hui, Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, Honorary Director of Liver Disease Society of Chinese Medical Association. [13]
世界肝癌发病率地区分布情况 [4]
Liver cancer incidents distribution in different parts of the world [4]
肝癌主要发生于中老年人群，男性多于女性。全世界肝癌的发病率差异很大，多发生于欠发达国家和地区。
The incidence cancer is mainly in middle-aged and elderly people, more in men than women. The variation of the incidence of liver cancer worldwide large, occurs more often in less developed countries and regions.
根据国际癌症研究中心（IARC）2004年公布的数据，较发达地区男女性肝癌的年龄调整发病率分别为8.5／10万和3.0／l0万，而欠发达地区分别为18.4／10万和7.1／10万。
According to the data released by the International Cancer Research Center (IARC) in 2004, the liver cancer incidence adjusted for age in the more developed regions for male and female is 8.5/100,000 and 3.0/100,000, and for less developed areas 18.4/100,000 and 7.1/100,000 respectively.
东非、中非、东亚、东南亚和西南太平洋群岛为高发区，其中东亚和中非是肝癌发病率最高的两个地区，男性年龄调整发病率分别为36.9／10万和27.8／10万．女性分别为13.3／10万和13.4／10万。
East Africa, Central Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Southwestern Pacific Islands are high incidence regions, in which East Asia and Central Africa is the highest incidence region, the liver cancer incidence adjusted for age for male is 36.9/100,000 and 27.8/100,000, and female 13.3/100,000 and 13.4/100,000 respectively.
中南亚、北欧、西欧和美洲为低发区，尤其中南亚是发病率最低的地区，男女性肝癌发病率分别为2.6／10万和1.4／10万。
Mid-South Asia, Northern Europe, Western Europe and America are low incident areas, especially Mid-South Asia is the lowest incidence area, male and female liver cancer incidence for male and female is 2.6/100,000 and 1.4/100,000 respectively.
包括美国在内的一些发达国家，原发性肝癌的发病率在逐年上升，并且增加的趋势可能还会延续几十年。但在一些发展中国家的某些地区，原发性肝癌的年龄标化发病率已有所下降。
In some developed nations, including the United States, the incidence of primary liver cancer increased year after year, and the increase of the trend may continue for several decades. But in in some areas of certain developing countries, the age adjusted standardized incidence rate of primary liver cancer has been declining.
中国肝癌发病率地区分布情况 [4]
Liver cancer incidents distribution in different regions of the world [4]
中国肝癌形势非常严峻，2000年中国肝癌发病30.6万．死亡30.0万，分别占全世界的54.26％和54.64％。
China's liver cancer situation is very grim, in 2000 306,000 patients developed liver cancer, and 306,000 mortalities from liver cancer, which accounted for 54.26% of world liver cancer patients, and 54.64% of all mortalities caused by liver cancer over the world.
我国肝癌的地区分布特征为沿海高于内地．东南和东北部高于西北、华北和西南部，沿海岛屿和江河海口地区又高于沿海其他地区。
In characteristic of regional distribution of liver cancer in China is higher incidents in coastal regions than inland regions; higher incidents in Southeast and Northeast regions than Northwest, North and Southwest regions of China, and higher incidents in coastal islands and river estuaries regions.
农村肝癌死亡率略高于城市。
Rural liver cancer mortality is slightly above the city.
高发地区气候具有温暖、潮湿、多雨等特点。
High-risk areas show characteristics of warm, humid climate, with more rain etc.
根据1998～2002年全国30个市、县的肿瘤登记资料，目前我国肝癌前3位高发区男性依次为江苏启东、江苏海门和广西扶绥，女性依次为江苏启东、江苏海门和四川盐亭。
According to cancer register data 1998-2002 from nationwide 30 cities and counties, China's top three liver cancer areas for men are Qidong of Jiangsu Province, Haimen of Jiangsu Province, and Fushui of Guangxi Autonomous Region, and top three liver cancer areas for female are Qidong of Jiangsu Province, Haimen of Jiangsu Province, and Yanting of Sichuan Province.
1978～2002年江苏启东肝癌的总体发病率呈现上下波动的趋势，而15～34岁年龄组人群的发病率则表现为明显的逐渐下降趋势。
During 1978 ~ 2002, the overall liver cancer incidence trend for Qidong, Jiangsu Province, fluctuated up and down, and the incidences for the 15 -34 years old age groups apparently gradually declined.
依据对1973-2002期间30年资料的研究，启东地区肝癌发病率（WASR）为58.71/10万,其中男为93.32/10万，女为26.46/10万。[11]
Based on a long-term study 1973 – 2002, the liver cancer incidence (WASR) was 58.71/100,000, in which male incidence 93.32/100,000, female incidence 26.46/100,000. [11]
1973~2002年30年发病率资料显示，启东肝癌总体上呈上升趋势。但最近20多年，启东肝癌的标化发病率有下降趋势，特别是青年人中的肝癌发病率，已出现明显的下降。[12]
The incident data of 30 years, 1973-2002, indicate, Qingdong’s liver cancer overall appears with an increasing trend. However, during the recent over 20 years, the liver cancer standardization incidence appears with a reduction trend, especially among young residents. [12]
广西扶绥、广东顺德、湖南、四川等地肝癌死亡率亦居恶性肿瘤死因的首位。[5]
At Fushui of Guangxi Province, Shunde of Guangdong, Hunan, Sichuan and other regions, the mortality of liver cancer also ranks No.1 among malignancy cancers in the respective regions. [5]
上海
Shanghai
从1972年到1999年，我国上海肝癌发病人数虽然明显升高，但年龄标化发病率是下降的，男性与女性分别下降了26％和28％。[4]
From 1972 to 1999, although the total number of liver cancer patients in Shanghai increased significantly, but age standardized incidence rate reduced, for male and female reduced 26% and 28% respectively. [4]
广西壮族自治区
Guangxi Zhuang Minority Autonomous Region
广西每年约有5万人死于恶性肿瘤，广西恶性肿瘤的死亡率增幅排在全国第一位。[6]
Malignancy cancers mortality of about 50,000 people each year in the Guangxi Autonomous Region, and prevalence increase ranks No.1 in China. [6]
据广西医科大附属肿瘤医院院长黎乐群介绍，2006年，国家卫生部、科技部曾牵头对全国死亡人员死亡原因进行调查，自治区卫生厅曾委托该院对广西9个抽样调查点（包括柳州市柳北区、桂林市秀峰区、梧州市、苍梧县、合浦县、扶绥县、宾阳县、凌云县、罗城仫佬族自治县）的2004年—2005年度户籍人口的死亡情况进行回顾抽样调查。调查数据显示，广西人口死亡原因前三位依次为恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病和脑血管病。上世纪70年代广西居民的恶性肿瘤死亡率为38.29人/10万人/年，上世纪90年代广西居民的恶性肿瘤死亡率为80.48人/10万人/年，目前增加到112.02人/10万人/年，呈明显上升的趋势。[6]
In 2006, the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science & Technology led a national survey on nationwide mortality causes. The Department of Health of the Guangxi Autonomous Region entrusted the Cancer Hospital attached to the Guangxi Medical University to carry out review mortality causes from 9 locations. Survey data indicate, the first 3 causes of death of population in Guangxi respectively are malignancy cancers, respiration system diseases and cerebrovascular disease. During the 70s of the last century, the mortality rate caused by malignancy cancers was 38.29/100,000, during the 90s was 80.48/100,000, and at present is 112.0/100,000, indicating apparent increase. [6]
“112.02人/10万人/年的死亡率，对广西分布的5000多万人口来说，相当于每年约有5万人是死于恶性肿瘤，广西恶性肿瘤的死亡率增幅排在全国第一位。”黎乐群进一步解释，“可以说，恶性肿瘤是广西居民死亡的头号杀手，其中，肝癌、鼻咽癌发病率是全国最高的地区之一。” [6]
The mortality rate of 112.0/100,000, to the over 50 million population of Guangxi means about 50,000 people die from malignancy cancers, the prevalence increase ranks No.1 in China, which makes Guangxi one of the regions with the highest liver cancer and nasopharynx prevalence rate in China. [6]
经过30多年针对肝癌病因进行预防性干扰，目前广西桂西南肝癌高发区的肝癌发病率稳中有降，发病年龄出现明显后移，但全区的肝癌发病率近年来呈现上升趋势。[7]
Through over 30 years of preventative interference against liver cancer, the incidence of high incidence areas has stabilized and reduced, incidence age is apparently delaying, but the liver cancer incidence of the whole Guangxi region is still increasing. [7]
7月12日，自治区肿瘤医院肝癌防治专家告诉记者，生活环境是造成癌症患者增多的主要原因，同时防癌知识的不普及、群众防癌意识的淡薄也是导致癌症发病率上升的一个重要因素。[7]
Liver cancer prevention and control specialists of the Guangxi Cancer Hospital told the journalist, living environment is the main reason causing incidence increase, at the same time, cancer prevention knowledge not popular, cancer prevention recognizant dim is also an important reason causing incidence increase. [7]
据介绍，上世纪70年代，广西肿瘤研究所根据全国性居民死亡原因回顾性调查，发现广西桂西南地区肝癌发病死亡特别高，随即进行了深入调查，结果发现肝癌高发区的居民乙肝的感染率较高，而当地居民有饮用池塘水、沟渠水的习惯；在对居民的主粮和食用油的调查中，又发现黄曲霉毒素的含量特别高。[7]
As introduced, during the 70s of the past century, during nationwide mortality reasons review investigation, the Guangxi Cancer Research Institute found that liver cancer mortality was especially high in the Guangxi Guixi southern area, and accordingly carried out in-depth investigation, and found that the infection rate of HBV was rather high among residents, and local residents have behavior of drinking water from ponds and ditches; during investigation of staple food and food oil consumed by local residents, it was also found the content of yellow aspergillus toxin was rather high. [7]
天津
Tianjin
天津每年肝癌发病37万人，肺癌53.6万人，并以5%的速度增长。[8]
370,000 new liver cancer patients and 536,000 new lung cancer patients appear each year, which is increasing at the pace of 5% each year in China. [8]
流行病学调查显示：天津市男性肝癌发病率为26.23/10万，女性发病率为11.09/10万。[8]
Epidemiology investigation indicates: The liver cancer incidence for males are 26.23/100,000, and for females 11.09/100,000 in Tianjin. [8]
专家对天津肝癌发病率的分析：恶性肿瘤发病率上升归结于人口老龄化 [9]
Specialist’s analysis of liver cancer incidence in Tianjin: Malignant tumor incidence rates rise is due to the ageing of the population [9]
在日前举行的“2011国际生物经济大会”上，中国抗癌协会理事长、天津医科大学校长郝希山表示：近年来，天津市恶性肿瘤发病数持续增加，今后10年新发病例数将达到10.7万人，并且肿瘤总体发病率上升主要归结于人口老龄化。
At the “2011 International Bio-Economy Conference”, Hao Xi-shan, Director of the China Cancer Fighting Association, President of Tianjin Medical University, indicates: In recent years, the number of Tianjin malignant tumor continues to increase, during the next 10 years new cases will reach 107,000, and the overall incidence tumors increase is mainly attributable to the ageing of the population.
郝希山教授在“2011国际生物经济大会”的主题演讲上提到，天津市于1987年起就建立了“天津市恶性肿瘤发病死亡监测系统”，历时近30年，覆盖天津市内六区400万人口，是亚洲仅有的几个能够对肿瘤患者进行随访的肿瘤发病死亡监测系统之一。
During his lecture, Prof. Hao lecture mentioned, Tianjin since 1987 established the "Tianjin malignant tumor death monitoring system”, for almost 30 years, covers a population of 4 million within the six districts of Tianjin, is one of the very few such systems in Asia with real-time access and follow-up to patients with cancer.
根据“天津市恶性肿瘤发病数图”显示，从1981-2000年发病率年均上升1.99％，20年累计上升45％，59种恶性肿瘤总体发病率呈明显上升趋势，恶性肿瘤发病数仍将持续增加，今后10年新发病例数将达到10.7万人。
The “Tianjin malignant tumor incident graph” shows, the average annual increase of incidents was 1.99% each year 1981-2000, with an accumulative increase of 45% during 20 years, 59 types of malignant tumor appear with an increasing trend, during the next 10 years new cases will reach 107,000.
此外，世界肿瘤标化发病率按照1985年世界标准人口年龄构成计算，发现20年间恶性肿瘤标化发病率基本持平，也就是说，去除年龄变化影响之后，从1981-2000年天津市恶性肿瘤标化发病率并没有明显变化。这表明肿瘤总体发病率上升主要归结于人口老龄化。
In addition, the world cancer standardized incidence rate according to the 1985 world standard population age composition calculation, it is found that 20 years malignant tumor standardized incidence rate is flat, that is, if the age change effects is removed, the malignant tumor standardized incidence rate from 1981-2000 in Tianjin has not changed significantly. This suggests that the overall incidence tumors increase is mainly attributable to the ageing of the population.
20年来，人口平均年龄从31.7岁增长到38.2岁，恶性肿瘤发病率从176.94/10万增加到244.99/10万；人口平均年龄与恶性肿瘤趋势变化趋同。 人口平均年龄每增加1岁，恶性肿瘤发病率上升约11.44/10万。
During the past 20 years, the average age of the population has increased from 31.7 years to 38.2 years, and the malignant tumor standardized incidence rate has increased from 176.94/100,000 to 244.99/100,000; the change of the average age of the population is close to the change of the malignant tumor standardized incidence rate trend.
中国专家对原发性肝癌病因的分析 [10]
Chinese specialists analysis of the causes of primary liver cancer [10]
对于原发性肝癌的具体发病原因迄今尚不明确，但是通过对原发性肝癌的高发病地区进行调查显示可能由于以下多种因素共同引起的。
The specific reason of disease of primary liver cancer is still not clear, but, surveys of high incidence primary liver cancer indicate it might be caused by multiple factors as follows:
1）病毒性肝炎和肝硬化
Virus hepatitis or hepatocirrhosis
2）黄曲霉毒素
Yellow aspergillus toxin
在肝癌高发区尤以南方以玉米为主粮地方调查提示肝癌流行可能与黄曲霉毒素对粮食的污染有关，人群尿液黄曲霉毒素代谢产物黄曲霉毒素含量很高。黄曲霉毒素是动物肝癌最强的致癌剂，但与人肝癌的关系迄今尚无直接证据。
In high liver cancer incidence areas, especially in the south where corn bread is the main local staple food, survey hints liver cancer is likely related to Yellow aspergillus toxin contamination of food, where which urine samples are found with very high contents of aflatoxin, metabolites of yellow aspergillus toxin. Yellow aspergillus toxin is the strongest animal liver carcinogenic agents, but, to date, direct evidence is still not available proving the relationship between the human liver cancer and aflatoxin.
3）饮水污染
Pollution of drinking water
江苏启东饮用沟溏水者肝癌发病率为60～101/10万，饮用井水者仅0～19/10万。饮用沟水者相对危险度为3.00。调查发现沟溏水中有一种兰绿藻产生藻类毒素可能是饮水污染与肝癌发生的有关线索。
The liver cancer incidence rate among residents who drink ditch or pond water is 60-101/100,000, and among those who drink well water 0-19/100,000. The relative risk of those who drink ditch or pond water is 3.00. The survey found ditch or pond water contains algae toxin, produced by blue-green algae, indicates clues showing liver cancer incidents might have relation with pollution of drinking water.
4）遗传因素
Genetic factors
在高发区肝癌有时出现家族聚集现象，尤以共同生活并有血缘关系者的肝癌罹患率高。可能与肝炎病毒垂直传播有关，但尚待证实。
In a high liver cancer incidence area sometimes appear family gathered phenomenon, liver cancer mortality is especially high in families living common life which have liver cancer patients within the family. Hepatitis virus perpendicular transmission may be relevant, but is yet to be confirmed.
5）其他
Other factors
引起肝癌的其他致癌物质或致癌因素被疑及的尚有：
Other suspected carcinogenic substance or carcinogenic factor which might cause liver cancer include:
(1)酒精中毒；
Alcohol poisoning;
(2)亚硝胺；
Nitrosamine;
(3)农药如有机氯类等；
Chemicals such as organochlorine, etc
(4)微量元素，肝癌流行区水、土壤、粮食、人头发及血液中含铜、锌较高，钼较低；
Trace elements, in liver cancer popular area, the water, soil, food, blood and hair of people, copper and zinc content is higher, and molybdenum is lower;
(5)中华分枝睾吸虫，刺激胆管上皮增生而产生胆管细胸癌。
The Clonorchiasis sinensis, stimulates stimulate epithelial hyperplasia bile duct and produce bile duct 细胸癌（找不到该专业词汇的英文）。
(6)微量元素、性激素、放射性物质、寄生虫、酗酒、吸烟、遗传因素等。
Microelement, sex hormone, radioactive substance, parasite, alcoholic, smoking, genetic factors etc.
本病病情发展迅速，病死率高，严重的危害生命健康。由于目前尚难以一种因素满意解释我国和世界各地肝癌的发病原因和分布情况，故肝癌的发生可能由多种因素经多种途径引起；不同地区致癌和促癌因素可能不完全相同，什么是主要因素，各因素之间相互关系如何尚有待研究。
Liver cancer develops rapidly, mortality is high, causes serious harm to health and life. Since it is difficult to use any one factor to explain the reason of disease of liver cancer and distribution in China and around the world, liver cancer is likely to be caused by a variety of factors and caused through different routes; carcinogenic and cancer promoting factors in different areas may not completely the same, what is the major factor, and the relationship between factors, remains to be further studied.
参考文献
References
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[Everhart JE，第9章，原发性肝癌，收录：] Everhart JE，编者，美国消化系统疾病的负担, 国家糖尿病和消化系统与肾脏疾病研究所、国家健康研究所、美国健康与人类服务部, 2008；NIH发表号09-6443
[2] Liz Highleyman, CDC Reports Increasing Incidence of Liver Cancer, Mostly Due to Chronic Hepatitis B and C, 2010
Liz Highleyman，美国疾病控制预防中心报告肝癌发病率增加，大部分由于慢性乙型与丙型肝炎，2010
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Health China, Primary Liver Cancer Incidence, 2010-11-02
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MSN Wiki Health，Liver cancer summary
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Current Life Daily, Guangxi liver cancer incidents increase, environment effect is main cause, 2005-07-13
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City Express, Epidemiology investigation: Tianjin has more male liver cancer patients than women, 2011-08-28
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China Daily Tianjin Journalist Station: Hao Xi-shan: Malignant tumor incidence rates rise is due to the ageing of the population, 2011-06-29
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China Cancer Foundation, Liver cancer early diagnose early treatment demonstration Base – Jiangsu Qidong, 2010
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China News Website, In 2010 China new liver cancer incidence 418,000, mortality 380,000, 2011-07-06
